Immunoprophylaxis for various infectious diseases

Authors:

Potapova Tatiana Anatolievna – PhD in Biological Sciences (Cand. Biol. Sci.), Senior Lecturer at the Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology, St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University. 2 Litovskaya St., 194100 St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; e-mail: potapova03051981@gmail.com.

Kirillova Natalia Petrovna – PhD in Medical Sciences (Cand. Med. Sci.), Associate Professor of the Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology, St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, 2 Litovskaya Street, 194100 St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; e-mail: lddm@yandex.ru.

Sokurova Alla Mikhailovna – PhD in Biological sciences (Cand. Bio. Sci.), Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of Microbiology, Virology and Immunology, Saint Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 2 Litovskaya St., 194100 St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; e-mail: amsokurova@gmail.com; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7426-2084.

Annotation:

Bacterial vaccines occupy a key place in the National Immunization Schedule of the Russian Federation and serve as the main tool for protecting children and adults from tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, pneumococcal and Haemophilus influenzae type b infection. These preparations form specific immunity with the help of attenuated microorganisms, toxoids or conjugated antigens. Mass immunization has made it possible to reduce morbidity and mortality from bacterial infections to historically minimal levels; however, problems of waning immunity and serotype replacement remain.
One of the current healthcare challenges is the rising incidence of infections included in the mandatory childhood immunization schedule in the newly acquired territories. This is due to widespread refusal to vaccinate, a lack of enforcement of the immunization schedule, and unsanitary conditions. These primarily include infections such as diphtheria and whooping cough, tuberculosis, pneumococcal pneumonia, and meningitis. These illnesses can lead to complications, sometimes fatal.
The article presents current data on the composition, mechanisms of action, vaccination schedules and effectiveness of bacterial vaccines in Russia, as well as discusses current challenges and prospects for their use in clinical practice.

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