Vaccines from covid-19 in the world and in the Russian Federation: main types and their characteristics

Authors:

Alla M. Sokurova, PhD in Biological sciences, Associate Professor, Associate Professor of the Department of microbiology, virology and immunology of the St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, 2 Litovskaya Street, 194100 St. Petersburg, Russian Federation; e-mail: amsokurova@gmail.com

Annotation:

Introduction. The article presents current information on the developed domestic and foreign vaccines against a potentially severe acute respiratory infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Since March 11, 2020, the spread of this disease has been recognized by the World Health Organization as a pandemic. As of early November 2021, more than 250 million human infections and more than 5 million deaths have already been registered. The action of all vaccines against COVID-19 is aimed at the formation of antibodies to the S-protein of the virus, which prevents its penetration into cells.

Aim. Characterization of different types of vaccines against COVID-19, as well as the study of differences in the number of doses, interval and method of administration.

Materials and methods. A content analysis of the regulatory framework, scientific publications and an analysis of the information contained on the official websites of the World Health Organization, the Russian Ministry of Health, and vaccine manufacturers for 2020-2021 was carried out.

Results. According to WHO data (early November 2021), 317 vaccines are in development, 123 of which are being tested in the clinical phase and 194 in the preclinical phase. There are 10 types of vaccines in total. Vaccines also differ in the number of doses, interval and route of administration. There are 10 Russian vaccines undergoing clinical and preclinical trials. Seven of them are undergoing preclinical trials. In the Russian Federation, four domestic vaccines are approved for use.

Discussion. In the world at the beginning of November 2021, 251,200,167 cases of the disease were detected, 5,074,052 patients died (2 %). In the Russian Federation, these figures were 8,873,655 and 249,215 (about 3 %), respectively. 35.7 % of the world’s population have been fully vaccinated, in the Russian Federation — about 34 %.
Vaccine development is a long and expensive process. It includes baseline studies, preclinical studies, clinical trials (consisting of three phases), state control and registration, further regular studies to assess the safety, efficacy of the drug and identify other side effects.
With COVID-19, scientists have not fully figured out what exactly constitutes an effective immune response. Without this, it is difficult to unambiguously assess the effectiveness of the vaccine.
In preclinical studies, it was found that antibodies that are able to bind to the S-protein of the SARS-CoV-2 virus block the penetration of the virus into the cell. It is for this reason that the action of all COVID-19 vaccines is aimed at the formation of antibodies to the S-protein of the virus, which prevents its penetration into cells.

Conclusion. Over the past two years, new information has been obtained on the mechanisms of both humoral and cellular immune responses to SARS-CoV-2, more than 300 vaccines have been developed and are being studied, and highly sensitive and specific test systems are used for diagnostics. But it has not been finally established which classes of immunoglobulins to the S-protein and in what titers provide protection against infection. It is already clear that the very presence of IgG to the virus is not an absolute protection against infection.
It is also relevant to assess the role of cellular immunity in protection against SARS-CoV-2.

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