Peter Frantsevich Lesgaft — the founder of the use of physical exercises in medical gymnastics in Russia

Authors:

Denis I. Shadrin, PhD in Pedagogical sciences, Associate Professor, Department of sports medicine and health technologies of the Lesgaft National State University of Physical Education, Sport and Health, St. Petersburg, 35 Dekabristov Str., 190121 St. Petersburg, Russian Federation, tel.: (812) 714-69-81, e-mail: d.shadrin@lesgaft.spb.ru

In the heading: Rewiews

Year: 2022 Volume: 4 Journal number: 2 

Pages: 75-83

Article type: scientific and practical

UDC: 615.825

DOI: 10.26211/2658-4522-2022-4-2-75-83

Annotation:

Introduction. Movement or exercise in the middle of the 18th century began to be used in medicine as a remedy. At this time, the application of the movement was divided into two areas (analytical and anthropotherapy), which were used in different European countries: Russia, Sweden, Italy, Germany, France. In this regard, of interest are the historical aspects of the rationale for the use of movement, physical exercises for therapeutic purposes and the role of P.F. Lesgaft in the development of the medical direction by means of physical culture in Russia.

Aim. To study the historical aspect of the development and formation of medical gymnastics in Russia and analyze the scientific and pedagogical contribution of P.F. Lesgaft in the use of physical exercises for therapeutic purposes.

Materials and methods. The analysis of scientific, educational, methodical, pedagogical literature is carried out, which contains information about the history of the development of the use of physical exercises for therapeutic purposes in Russia and the scientific and pedagogical contribution of P.F. Lesgaft in the development of the use of physical culture in the treatment of diseases.

Results. The issues of medical gymnastics in pre-revolutionary Russia were dealt with by: Mondileni, De-Ron, Berglin, Lesgaft and others. Under the influence of the progressive views of Russian medical scientists M.Ya. Mudrov, N.I. Pirogov, S.P. Botkin, G.A. Zakharyin, P.F. Lesgaft and many others, the ideas of physiotherapy exercises were developed and the preventive direction of the use of physical exercises was promoted.
Modern justifications of exercise therapy are the development of the scientific ideas of P.F. Lesgaft. In 1890, his works were published, which contained a scientific justification for the use of physical education for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes. P.F. Lesgaft reveals the physiological impact of movements on the healthy body of the practitioner. One of the first P.F. Lesgaft substantiates the need for the teacher to have knowledge about the psychophysical influence of physical exercises on the organs and systems of the student.
At the end of the 19th century, P.F. Lesgaft laid the foundation for corrective gymnastics, using physical exercises for various diseases and curvatures of the skeletal system, in particular the spine.
P.F. Lesgaft should rightfully be considered a pioneer of medical control over those involved in physical culture.
P.F. Lesgaft is one of the first who began to use the methods and principles of pedagogy. The connection and interdependence of muscular activity and internal organs with mental manifestations was given by P.F. Lesgaft reason to consider physical exercises as a means of mental education and moral education. Essential for P.F. Lesgaft had the development of a muscular feeling when performing physical exercises.

Discussion. In the development of physical therapy, the legacy left by P.F. Lesgaft and his followers is of particular importance. Their activity is characterized by profound scientific character, democracy and patriotism. They considered the mental and physical development of a person as two sides of a single process of the organism’s vital activity.
At present, the successor of the Lesgaft school of exercise therapy is the Department of sports medicine and health technologies of the Lesgaft National State University of Physical Education, Sport and Health, St. Petersburg. It expands the theoretical foundations, which consist in the development of unified motor modes, in the need to know the mechanisms of sanogenesis and their practical application to justify the impact on the human body by motor actions, which are disclosed in the concept of maladaptation to multifactorial pathogenic effects on the human body, the basis of which is a violation of the mechanisms of sanogenesis or mechanisms of homeostasis.
At the present stage, in medical classes, wireless gaming systems (WII Nintendo, etc.) are used that perform imitative motor actions. Imitation exercises repeat any motor actions of animals, sports movements and create conditions for learning motor actions. The basis for the application of these exercises are the ideas of physical education by P.F. Lesgaft.
Conclusion. The materials reveal the historical aspects of the rationale for the use of movement, physical exercises for therapeutic purposes, the formation of medical gymnastics in Russia and the role of P.F. Lesgaft in the development of the therapeutic direction by means of physical culture, the rationale for the use of these means in medicine and the use of pedagogical methods and means in medical gymnastics.
P.F. Lesgaft scientifically substantiated the use of physical education for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes, developed the basics of physical education for schoolchildren, developed a method of corrective gymnastics for various diseases and curvature of the skeletal system, in particular the spine, systematized the main provisions of natural and medical gymnastics, with a detailed knowledge of human anatomy and muscle functions and the development of the muscular system, created a manual on anthropometry for those involved in physical culture. The merit of P.F. Lesgaft in the field of pedagogy is the consideration of physical exercises in conjunction with the psyche as a means of physical education and moral education (“Method of the word”, education of muscular feeling). Modern creative development of the scientific heritage of P.F. Lesgaft is to use physical exercises in accordance with the impact on the mechanisms of sanogenesis (adaptation, compensation, reparation), which are fully consistent with the direction of development of holistic integrative medicine, as well as in the development of unified motor modes based on the individual rehabilitation potential of the patient. The developed motor modes are the exercise therapy algorithm for various diseases.

Keywords: , , ,

Download the full text of the article

List of cited literature:

1. Kuslik MI. Vvedenie [Introduction] Lechebnaja fizkul’tura [Therapeutic physical culture]. pod red. [edited by] MI Kuslik i VK Dobrovol’skogo. M.: Fizkul’tura i sport [Moscow: Physical Culture and Sport], 1939:4-7. (In Russian).

2. Virchov R. Patologija, osnovannaja na teorii jacheek (celluljarnaja patologija) i primenenie k mikroskopicheskoj anatomii normal’nyh i nenormal’nyh tkanej: 20 chtenij Rudol’fa Virhova [Pathology based on cell theory (cellular pathology) and application to the microscopic anatomy of normal and abnormal tissues: 20 readings by Rudolf Virchow]. Perevod s nemeckogo. [Translation from German]. M: redakciya Moskovskoy medicinskoy gazety [Moscow: editorial office of the Moscow Medical Newspaper], 1859. VIII. 472 р. (In Russian).

3. Istorija mediciny i formacii [History of medicine and pharmacy]. Pod redakciej [edited by] DV Mihelja. M.: Eksmo [Moscow: Eksmo], 2010. 192. р. ISBN 978-5-69942621-8 (In Russian).

4. Ivanov SM. Kratkij istoricheskij ocherk razvitija lechebnoj fizkul’tury [A brief historical sketch of the development of physical therapy] Vrachebnyj kontrol’ i lechebnaja fizkul’tura [Medical control and physical therapy]. M.: MEDGIZ [Moscow: MEDGIZ], 1959:194202. (In Russian).

5. Dobrovolsky VK. Kliniko-fiziologicheskoe obosnovanija lechebnogo primenenija fizicheskih uprazhnenij [Clinical and physiological substantiations of the therapeutic use of physical exercises] Uchebnik instruktora po lechebnoj fizicheskoj kul’ture [Textbook of an instructor in therapeutic physical culture] Pod red. [edited by] VK Dobrovol’skogo. M.: Fizkul’tura i sport [Moscow: Physical Culture and Sport]. 1974:67. (In Russian).

6. Dobrovolsky, VK. Osobennosti metodiki provedenija fizicheskih uprazhnenij [Features of the methodology of physical exercises] Lechebnaja fizkul’tura [Therapeutic physical culture]. pod red. [edited by] MI Kuslik i VK Dobrovol’skogo. M.: Fizkul’tura i sport [Moscow: Physical Culture and Sport]. 1939:8. (In Russian).

7. Moshkov VN. Osnovy fiziologicheskogo i terapevticheskogo dejstvija fizicheskih uprazhnenij na organizm bol’nogo [Fundamentals of the physiological
and therapeutic effect of physical exercises on the patient’s body]. Obshhie osnovy lechebnoj fizkul’tury [General fundamentals of physical therapy]. Izd. 3-e, pererab. i dop. [3rd edition revised and expanded]. M.: Gosudarstvennoe izdanie medicinskoy literatury [Moscow: State Edition of Medical Literature], 1963:61125. (In Russian).

8. Popov SN. Kratkij istoricheskij obzor razvitija lechebnoj fizicheskoj kul’tury [A brief historical review of the development of therapeutic physical culture] Lechebnaja fizicheskaja kul’tura: Ucheb. dlja studentov institutov fizicheskoj kul’tury [Therapeutic physical culture: Studybook for students of institutes of physical culture]. Pod red. [edited by] SN Popov. M.: Fizkul’tura i sport [Moscow: Physical Culture and Sport], 1978:6. (In Russian).

9. Lesgaft PF. Sobranie pedagogicheskih sochinenij [Collection of pedagogical works]. Rukovodstvo po fizicheskomu obrazovaniju detej shkol’nogo vozrasta [Manual on physical education of school-age children]. sost. [written by] GG. Shakhverdov. M: Fizkul’tura i sport [Moscow: Physical Culture and Sport], vol. 2, part 2: 1952:384 p. (In Russian).

10. Belorusova AV. Pjotr Francevich Lesgaft o vrachebnoj gimnastike [Peter Frantsevich Lesgaft on medical gymnastics] Uchjonye zapiski. Vypusk XVI, posvjashhjonnyj 75-letiju GDOIFK im. [P.F. Lesgafta Scientific notes. Issue XVI, dedicated to the 75th anniversary of the GDOIFK named after PF Lesgaft]. Leningrad, 1972:80-7. (In Russian).

11. Strelnikov ID. Primechanija [Notes] Lesgaft PF. Sobranie pedagogicheskih sochinenij [Lesgaft PF. Collection of pedagogical works]. Rukovodstvo po fizicheskomu obrazovaniju detej shkol’nogo vozrasta [Manual on physical education of school-age children. PF Lesgaft]; sost. [written by] GG Shahverdov. M.: Fizkul’tura i sport [Moscow: Physical Culture and Sport], vol. 2, part 2: 1952:365-6. (In Russian).

12. Vinokurov DA. Lechebnaya fizicheskaya kultura [Therapeutic physical culture] Leningradskoe otdelenie MEDGIZ [Leningrad branch of MEDGIZ]. 1959:5-15. (In Russian).

13. Lesgaft PF. Sobranie pedagogicheskih sochinenij [Collection of pedagogical works] Rukovodstvo po fizicheskomu obrazovaniju detej shkol’nogo vozrasta [Manual on physical education of school-age children], red. [editor] GG Shakhverdov. M.: Fizkul’tura i sport [Moscow: Physical Culture and Sport], vol. 1, part 1: 1951:444 p. (In Russian).

14. Popov SN. Kratkaja istorija razvitija lechebnoj fizicheskoj kul’tury [A brief history of the development of therapeutic physical culture] Lechebnaja fizicheskaja kul’tura: Ucheb. dlja in-tov fiz. kul’t [Therapeutic physical culture: Studies for in-tov phys. Cult]. Pod red. [edited by] SN Popov. M.: Fizkul’tura i sport [Moscow: Physical Culture and Sport], 1988:7. (In Russian).

15. Gorizontov PD. Gomeostaz [Homeostasis]. pod red. [edited by] PD. Gorizontov. M.: Medicina [Moscow: Medicine]. 1981: 576 p. (In Russian).

16. Partsernyak SA. Integrativnaja medicina: put’ ot ideologii k metodologii zdravoohranenija [Integrative medicine: the path from ideology to methodology of healthcare]. Pod red. [edited by] AV Shcherbakov. Rossiyskaya akademiya medicinskih nauk [Russian Academy of Medical Sciences]. St. Petersburg: Nordmedizdat, 2007:424 p. (In Russian).

17. Razumov AN, Fomin, MI. Nespecificheskoe vosstanovlenie zdorov’ja — osnova lechebnogo processa [Nonspecific restoration of health — the basis of the treatment process]. Nespecificheskoe vosstanovlenie zdorov’ja — osnova lechebnogo processa [Nonspecific restoration of health — the basis of the treatment process]. M.: MAkS Press [Moscow: MAX Press], 2008:360 p. (In Russian).

18. Osnovy lechebnoj fizicheskoj kul’tury v terapii: uchebnoe posobie [Fundamentals of therapeutic physical culture in therapy: textbook]. GI Smirnov, VF Lutkov, DI Shadrin; pod red. [edited by] GI Smirnov. St. Petersburg: PF Lesgaft
National State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Health, St. Petersburg, 2021:190 p. (In Russian).

19. Smirnov GI, Shadrin DI. Osnovy lechebnoj fizicheskoj kul’tury v travmatologii i ortopedii: uchebnoe posobie [Fundamentals of therapeutic physical culture in traumatology and orthopedics] SPb: Nacionalnyy gosudarstvennyy universitet fizicheskoy kultury sporta i zdorovya imeni PF Lesgafta [St. Petersburg: P.F. Lesgaft National State University of Physical Culture, Sports and Health], St. Petersburg, 2021:173 p. (In Russian).

www.xhamaster pornthmovs.com actress priyamani sex videos chuda chudi bangla chuda chudi gotporn.mobi keral sex sex in tamil youtube anythaiporn.com sex between young couple fuckup.xxx jizzman.mobi desi sex scenes sunnyleone hot sex mochito.mobi baglabf
sex movies com pornerbros.mobi hind sexi video desi sexey video justfreeporn.mobi tamil sex video songs mms x faphub.mobi sexihotgirl suny leone porn hdthaimovs.com chennai girl escorts xvideos office erohardcore.info tamil xxxx videos fittrip snyper sobazo.com 6ft in cm
ben 10 sex video hdmovz.mobi videos of boys and girls indian college girl porn videos pornbraze.mobi xnxnxxx desi chudai vedio fuckswille.com hot girl sexy sexgaral pornudetube.mobi nexxx bf videos indaporn.info chodne ka